Nagaoka logs 41 frost days a year to Osaka's 6 — Osaka wins by 35. Osaka also leads on sunny days by 39.

Osaka averages $1,671/mo for balanced living; Nagaoka has no cost baseline yet.

Osaka scores 3.8 on mobility (0–5 scale); Nagaoka has no mobility baseline.

Osaka's culture score of 4.0 sits well above Nagaoka's 0.0.

Osaka scores 3.8 on nature & outdoors (0–5 scale); Nagaoka has no nature & outdoors baseline.

Osaka scores 5.0 on safety (0–5 scale); Nagaoka has no safety baseline.

Osaka scores 4.1 on career (0–5 scale); Nagaoka has no career baseline.

Osaka scores 2.6 on social & community (0–5 scale); Nagaoka has no social & community baseline.

Osaka scores 3.2 on food & dining (0–5 scale); Nagaoka has no food & dining baseline.

Osaka scores 3.5 on family (0–5 scale); Nagaoka has no family baseline.

Osaka scores 3.4 on healthcare (0–5 scale); Nagaoka has no healthcare baseline.

Nagaoka averages 12.0 µg/m³ (moderate) PM2.5 annually versus Osaka's 13.9 µg/m³ (moderate) — Nagaoka breathes ~13% cleaner air (1.9 µg/m³ lower).

Who Thrives Here